To answer all your questions in as few words as possible, let me say Triumph America.
This is as close as you will ever get to a true 'one size fits all' motorcycle.
It has enough power and class that you will never "outgrow" it as you surely would a small training wheels bike.
The Triumph twins are the only motorcycles larger than 450 CC that are well behaved enough for a first time rider.
There are few riders (just the ones who don't know any better) that don't respect Triumph.
You can spend a lot more money and still not get the design and build quality you will with a Triumph.